Returning to the problem of perpetual motion

Projects perpetual motion machines, which were discussed in the previous section, most of them belong to the 20-30-the last century. Since that time has passed for many years, during which the development of science and technology went really leaps and bounds. Intensive search for new energy sources, concluded the public ways of liberation and the use of nuclear energy. Progress over this period of science and humanity gained practical experience proved impossibility of perpetual motion: none, even the most perfect mechanism, built by human hands, will not be able to satisfy the conditions contained in the definition of perpetuum mobile. Yet throughout this period, new projects of perpetual motion machines still continue to occur and the situation is, in our view, not much improved. For example, in 1970-1973 gg. in the Office for Inventions and discoveries reported annually to 50 new projects perpetuum mobile. Earlier, the same management was proposed 17 projects only electromagnetic perpetual motion machines, not counting the large number of mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic and other perpetuum mobile.
Some interest may appear, the entire distribution of authors of modern projects perpetual motion machines of social groups. At least 30% of all the proposals coming from retirees. However, it is difficult to say whether hiding behind this excess of free time or desire to achieve some tangible benefits by obtaining patent rights for the invention of perpetual motion. In addition to retirees design perpetual motion machines often attracts people with boundless imagination and technical endowed with inventive vein and also possessing, as they say, “golden hands”, although, unfortunately, all too often it turns out that most of them lack the normal basic knowledge of the mechanics and physics. At the same time surprisingly quite different: under the schemes, projects and descriptions of the perpetuum mobile, one can often find the signature of engineers and technicians of large industrial enterprises, and sometimes even scientists with graduate degrees. In one such case, staff management, suspecting that a fairly well-known engineer, was the target of a friendly joke, had tried to warn the victim’s delicate shape and were quite surprised when he was quite sharp and with undisguised bitterness has confirmed that he is the author of the incoming project.
An unprecedented tenacity and perseverance of the inventors of such machines evidenced by the fact that the names of some of them we find in several projects. One such inventor of the year sent 15 different descriptions of perpetual motion machines with detailed instructions for their manufacture. At the same time in the projects created in our time, almost childish innocence is adjacent to the fantastic complexity of the proposed equipment and perfection of execution of technical drawings. Under existing rules, each filed by the project regardless of its level must always be assessed only by specialists. This examination report is binding, without which no project can be submitted to the deviation. In most cases, however, this final stage is preceded by lengthy and often quite fruitless discussions with the author, who, as a rule, refuses to recognize the shortcomings of his project. So sometimes the staff management should do nothing as inviting the inventor, ask him to demonstrate in the work of the proposed device or its operating model. In response, most complaints are dealt to the lack of necessary materials, the lack of sufficiently strong magnets, which, it turns out you can get only abroad, the difficulty of manufacturing complex parts, etc. But still sometimes surprised by its inventor suspicious opponents – his model works great! The initial surprise of the committee members is replaced by finding the true cause of constant movement of the proposed device. As a rule, it turn out to fluctuations in barometric pressure or changes in ambient temperature. Since then, in the eyes of professionals such machine is eliminated from the category of perpetual motion machine, moving at a certain class of imaginary reader perpetuum mobile, operated by energy derived from external sources. This class includes, for example, recently proposed by the project unit, the main part of which is a wooden cube, mounted on a shaft and periodic immersion in a vessel with water. When moistened, it increases its weight, but then the shaft is rotated – the cube appears above the water, drying under the influence of warm air and again falls into the water. Experienced reader is easy to recognize in this current project perpetuum mobile Josef Gaunera, built in 1912
They do not contain fundamentally new ideas and other projects that have appeared in our time. There continues to operate normally, already referred to above: the inventors of perpetual motion machines are constantly in a closed circle of the same ideas, principles and ideas as their predecessors of what would perpetuum mobile nor discussed – mechanical, hydraulic, chemical or electromagnetic.
Illustrate the above description of several examples of perpetual motion machines, whose operation has already been the subject of discussion in the past and was rejected for reasons obvious to the reader. In all cases, we confine ourselves to outlining the basic idea of the project, omitting the most minor details.
Mechanical perpetuum mobile, favorably great simplicity of design. In essence the traditional pendulum in the upper part of which is ring-shaped segment is attached to the rod of the pendulum near the point of suspension. The constancy of the amplitude of the pendulum, according to the author, there should be an inertial effect: rolling over the segment of the ball will always move in the direction opposite to the deviation of the pendulum. The weight of the ball Q1, attached to the shoulder l1 creates a moment of force, balancing the time the pendulum P2 l3 (ideally should have the equality Q1 l1 = P2 l2).
Very popular are the projects of various mechanical “eternal motors. The main part of this machine is a rotor-stator pair, the distinguishing feature of which is that the inventor of the stator is placed in a cylindrical cavity inside the rotating rotor. In this case the stator and rotor is located eccentrically relative to each other, and the stator is rolling on the inner perimeter of the crown of the rotor at several steel cylinders. The author suggested that selected them eccentric position of the rotor should lead to the fact that the forces acting on his crown, will be unbalanced and the rotor will rotate in the direction indicated by the arrow in the figure. Further movement of the rotor through the external toothing of the bottom of the machine to be transmitted to the execution unit.
Several projects of recent years is based on the principle of using centrifugal forces of rotating unbalanced masses. Such an unbalanced system can be crank mechanism or a combination of levers and disc geometry is changed when moving through assistive devices so that the resulting force was always directed in one direction. The engine, which has some of the unbalanced force would be used for self-drive, just as is done in an air-jet engines that could, in theory the inventor, successfully used to create low-cost vehicles, which have no sophisticated and expensive gears and the change in velocity was carried out would be an appropriate change in the value of this “directed” force.
In modern mechanical perpetual motion machines are raised, many old technical ideas, whose age is often several centuries. Here we encounter, for example, known since ancient times, rotating wheels in the cells which pouring sand; other projects are invited to use a blow bodies or the elastic properties of materials. With these musty ideas, multiplied by the unbridled imagination of modern inventors, and again born sophisticated devices, consuming a lot of time working with the staff of patent organizations.
We now turn to another example of perpetual motion – to the rotor of perpetual motion. Its rotating part is a circular ring which serves as both a pulley to drive the working machine. Inside the ring on a firm fixed-frame reinforced two injection cylinder pistons. Piston rod equipped with rollers rolling on the inner surface of the ring. Cylinders with the help of piping associated with high-pressure chamber in which to start the entire installation is injected under pressure in some air. Design of the device erroneously assumed that the increase in air pressure on the pistons in the cylinders will cause a continuous rolling rollers of pulleys, and thus the constant rotation of the pulley in the desired direction.
From the attention of inventors perpetuum mobile is not escaped and the known properties of helical springs. Of the many projects “spring” perpetual motion machines to give visibility to at least one example. The frame of the machine somewhat strengthened steel springs, loose ends are threaded into lugs special latches. However ears latch engages with the toothed ratchet wheel, fitted on one shaft with a drive pulley. The cause of perpetual motion of the engine was to be the pre-tension springs with its assembly, since it was assumed that the ratchet will convert the thrust springs into rotational motion of the shaft.
Quite unusual solution proposed by the so-called hydrogen perpetuum mobile. The cycle of this engine consists of two stages – the electrolytic dissociation of water and burning detonating gas, ie mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. In a glass U-shaped tube with an electric current supplied from the battery is soldered to the electrodes in its walls, the water decomposes into oxygen and hydrogen. Decomposition products are fed into the combustion chamber, where they connect to the release of heat energy transformed in the blades of the impeller of the turbine into kinetic energy of rotation. Condensate encountered in the chemical reaction of water vapor, giving its heat, drain the tank, which provides a constant water level in the dissociation device. Next turbine drives a power generator, and he in turn produces a charging battery. Surplus electricity is diverted into a network or used in any other way.
Modern inventors hydraulic perpetual motion machines in the majority also continue the tradition of the past, using essentially only Archimedes’ principle of buoyancy force in liquids. Their projects, which find their application are the same belts with floats or drum and the wheels partially submerged in the liquid, constantly repeated, and in our outer century. Again and again we meet with the already mentioned in previous chapters hydrostatic perpetuum mobile, with slightly modernized “dry water mills,” in which the original water wheels gave way to a more powerful hydraulic turbines, or, for example, “eternal” pumping mechanism, in which classical Archimedes screw replaced by centrifugal pumps, etc.
In the previous sections of this site is often mentioned about the negative effects of frictional forces and other passive forces to the work of perpetual motion machines of various types. No wonder that today’s designers perpetuum mobile is constantly looking for ways to exclude or at least mitigate these adverse events. So, as a means to combat friction proposed the use of special seals with magnetic fluid to ensure complete sealing of the working space of the hydraulic perpetuum mobile and provide significant reduction in frictional resistance due to the fact that these seals are not there direct contact of the moving metal surface with the fixed parts of machinery .
Despite the sad experience of the last century, with electric and magnetic perpetuum mobile, “excellent opportunity” to modern inventors of perpetual motion machines continues to provide electrical engineering. However, most of the projects submitted once again repeated the old ideas, first expressed many years ago – this rotor rotating permanent magnets, and the already mentioned systems like electric generator which is fed by a current from the battery electric motor drives the generator, the energy which goes to recharging the battery and simultaneously used to supply external customers. However, one of the authors further simplified the latest scheme, replacing the simple electric motor starting device-starter with a large flywheel, which supports the rotation of the generator in its operating mode.
Another project-type electric motor-generator is based on communication low-power electric motor with large power generator implemented with the help of a special “power multiplier”, for which the author proposes to use … hydraulic press with a lever mechanism (!).
Some inventors of electro-mechanical perpetuum mobile prefer some non-traditional forms of direct and reverse conversion of electrical and mechanical energy. However, the majority of their innovations is the use of various combinations of electromagnets, mechanical transformers, switches and other switching elements that serve mainly for the reverse transformation of the energy of mechanical motion into electrical current.
“Broader Perspectives” open to the creators of perpetual motion machines radio engineering and electronics – an area in which until very recently, “perpetual motion-structure” had no tradition. One of the first experiments in this direction was the draft of the so-called perpetual motion resonance. The basis of it is available in every radio is tuned circuit, consisting in the simplest case of the induction coil and a capacitor. As is known, the values of inductance and capacitance circuit elements determine its own frequency. If you bring a circuit oscillations with a frequency equal to his own, then there is a resonance phenomenon. The project is proposed to use part of the energy resonant circuit to stabilize the amplitude and frequency fluctuations, thus making it independent of foreign sources of energy.
In conclusion, we point out the area where the dream of perpetual motion and real scientific advances closer, it would seem most closely. It is about learning and using the phenomenon of superconductivity. Superconductivity is not open last time – found it yet in 1911 the Dutch physicist Kamerlingh Onnes, engaged ohmic resistance measurements of metals at very low temperatures. They had been observed that at temperatures close to absolute zero, ie to – 273,16 ° C, the resistance of some metals falls almost to zero. So, for example, in an electric circuit made of lead and maintained at a temperature of liquefaction of helium (approximately – 270 ° C), the current even at full disconnected from external power supply continues to take place over four days. Further study of this phenomenon showed that the superconductivity in the temperature range from 0,01 to 20 ° K (ie -273,15 ° C to -253,16 ° C) have 24 and more than a thousand metal alloys. At the same time, most of the elements that can be transferred to the superconducting state (zinc, lead, tin), are at normal temperature is relatively poor conductors of electricity. Instead, the best conductors – copper, silver, gold – in the state of superconductivity is not moving. Clearly therefore, the value of superconductivity for the construction of electromagnets, capable of creating a much stronger field than used hitherto coils with iron core. It is perfectly understood the inventors of perpetuum mobile, because the superconducting circuits allow them to receive at first glance, ideal, or the eternal sources of energy.
However, this seems to be an exemplary way into serious difficulties. One of them was the discovery of the fact that the superconductor is moving back to its normal state, not only as the temperature rises above exactly set for each material, the so-called critical temperature, but also when exposed to even relatively weak magnetic field. The first step to overcome the difficulties was the discovery by researchers of the American firm “Bell Telephone” intermetallic alloy of niobium and tin, preserving the state of superconductivity even in strong magnetic fields. Another obstacle to the effective use of the phenomenon of superconductivity is the need for energy costs to maintain the superconductor at very low temperatures around 4 ° K (-269,16 ° C). Thus one of the most urgent tasks facing science is the search for substances with superconducting properties at normal temperature. Of course, this task is beyond the competence of the inventors of perpetual motion machines. They also share will only use superconducting electromagnets in devices such as Praharzha or use in their projects conductors with almost zero resistance, as well as futile attempts to eliminate from such specifications, the word “almost.”